Explore how Tommo and Charlie’s relationship develops over the course of the novel Essay

Over year 8 I have been reading private peaceful, the book by Michel Morpurgo. In the story the maid character is a boy called Tommo who has an older brother called Charlie and another one called Big Joe along with their mother. Tommo looks up to Charlie and them always look out for each other. When Tommo goes to school he found makes a friend at school called Molly and both Charlie and Tommo fall in love with her. Later I the book Molly give birth to a beautiful, bouncing baby boy whose father is Charlie and Tommo wished he could let out a secret that he has kept since his father sadly passed away. In this essay I will be writing about Tommo and Charlie’s relationship and why Tommo believes he lives in Charlie’s glow during the story. The first part of Tommo and Charlie’s relationship I am going to concentrate on is when they were at school. Tommo looks up to Charlie as a father or the man of the house but also because Charlie always looks out for Tommo one example of this is when they were in the school yard Tommo got in a fight and Charlie took over and for his punishment him and jimmy pearsons got the cane jimmy kept crying â€Å"Ow, sir! Ow, sir! Ow. Sir!† but when it was chalies turn all we hear â€Å"are the whacks, and then the silences between†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ this is one of the reasons why I have â€Å"the bravest brother in the world.† When Tommo first met molly he and molly had a very strong relationship and they still did when Charlie got friendly with her but as molly was two years older than him and Charlie was older by three â€Å"they always ran faster than i did.† And sometimes I felt like â€Å"they wanted to be without me†¦ I was feeling miserable and abandoned† soon this all got worse when Tommo finds out Charlie was in a relationship with molly. â€Å"I was so filled with anger and resentment towards him that I never wanted to speak to him again, nor to molly come to that.† Tommo by now is probably thinking what would Charlie so that to me? The one lad I look up to I cannot trust anymore he knows I love molly so why did he do this?

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 19. Baseball

As I pounced on Bella I brought her into my arms and held her there securely while flying through the room at a ferocious velocity. When we collided with the couch it went flying across the room until it settled against the wall with a large crashing blast. She was breathing in large heavy gasps of air and her heart was drumming madly. She tried to move out of my protective arms and I refused. I moved her closer into my embrace letting her warm my body. She eyed me suspiciously and a playful grin spread across my face without my permission. It was just something I did naturally when I was around her. â€Å"You were saying?† I pretended to growl. â€Å"That you are a very, very terrifying monster,† her voice was sagging with sarcasm under her heavy panting. â€Å"Much better,† I agreed. She looked up at me, still a little jarred by my sudden movement, â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she paused and continued to struggle, â€Å"Can I get up now?† she asked. â€Å"What the hell was that noise?† Jasper asked Alice. â€Å"Ha-ha. Edward is wrestling with Bella.† Alice answered cheerily. Oh my, Jasper began thinking, but his thoughts turned frenzied. I began laughing at Bella and Jaspers now frantic thoughts. â€Å"Can we come in?† Alice asked from the hall. Bella continued to struggle in my arms but I refused to let her go. I repositioned her so she was on my lap. I could feel the warmth of Bella's blood as it raced up her cheeks when she realized that Alice and Jasper were in the door way. â€Å"Go ahead,† I barked a laugh. How can he get that close to her? It seriously blows my mind, Jasper was panicking mentally. Jasper had a strong belief that being this close to a human was impossible without feeding. His belief was now being thrown out the window. Alice's thoughts were just a humming of approval. She was radiating with glee as she moved fluidly into the room, dropping to the ground and crossing her legs with a gleaming smile across her face. Jasper continued to stay in the door way. His thoughts were still fanatically stunned. â€Å"It sounded like you were having Bella for lunch, and we came to see if you would share,† Alice said while she failed extravagantly at trying to suppress laughter. Bella stiffened like a board in my arms but met her gaze unflinchingly and I couldn't help but grin at both of them. When Bella saw my face she relaxed. I looked at Alice and answered back playfully, â€Å"Sorry, I don't believe I have enough to spare.† I tightened my arms around her. Her heart was still humming quickly and her blush was still pronounced on her cheeks. Jasper finally got his thoughts out of a tangle as the mood of the room finally hit him. Wow, I've never felt Edward feel so†¦happy†¦and†¦in love. A smile spread across Jaspers face automatically at the cheerfulness in the room. â€Å"Actually, Alice says there's going to be a real storm tonight, and Emmett wants to play ball. Are you game?† he asked while walking into the room. Playing ball did sound fun. I knew Emmett would be thoroughly pissed if I didn't show up this time. I remembered the vampires that are visiting in the area and without thinking about it I looked at Bella and realized I would never leave her for a moment with those creatures at large. Before I could respond Alice chimed in, â€Å"Of course you should bring Bella.† What? Jasper looked mildly surprised and sent Alice a quick look but turned back so quickly I wasn't sure if Bella caught it. Once again I had to remind myself that it was always her choice, â€Å"Do you want to go?† I asked as excitement burst through me. She looked at me and without hesitating she said, â€Å"Sure. Um, where are we going?† This is going to be so much fun! Alice's thoughts flitted through my mind. I can't believe this. Oh well this should be†¦interesting. Jasper thought while curiosity was willing inside him. â€Å"We have to wait for thunder to play ball ?C you'll see why,† I smiled at her. A sign of nervousness was evident on her face when she bit her lower lip. She didn't realize she was doing it when she looked at me and asked anxiously, â€Å"Will Ineed an umbrella?† We all started laughing but I was relieved because I was finally aware of what her sudden apprehension was. â€Å"Will she?† Jasper asked with a most peculiar expression. â€Å"No. The storm will hit over town. It should be dry enough in the clearing.† Alice said while the vision of the clearing ran through her head. Jasper was so full of happiness and joyfulness from the situation happening in the room that he couldn't contain his smile, â€Å"Good, then,† he exclaimed. Being around Alice was always a little strange because I was constantly seeing the future. This time it was just the coming minutes going through her mind. I saw her going to Carlisle and asking about playing ball. â€Å"Let's go see if Carlisle will come,† Alice jumped off the ground and headed toward the door with a wink in Jaspers direction. â€Å"Like you don't know,† Jasper teased. Jasper closed the door behind him, Have fun bro. Bella turned in my lap, her heart fluttering at our closeness, â€Å"What will we be playing?† she wondered. I laughed at the thought of letting her hold a bat, or worse, letting her try to hit a ball with a bat. â€Å"You will be watching,† I clarified, â€Å"We will be playing baseball,† I explained. She rolled her eyes at me, â€Å"Vampires like baseball?† she asked in disbelief. â€Å"It's the American pastime,† I said in mock seriousness. Some very annoying sound was in my ear. I was driving down Bella's street when little droplets of rain began splattering onto the windshield. That was not what was bothering me. Billy Black was waiting for Charlie in his driveway so he could tattle tale like a little kid on Bella's new found relationship with me. â€Å"Damn Quileute legends,† I muttered so low that Bella couldn't hear me. Jacob and his father were taking shelter on Bella's front porch and I was instantly tense. Can't she tell there is something wrong with that kid? His cold white skin, his aversion to the sun†¦I will settle this though. Charlie will listen to me and force her to stop seeing the Cullen kid. Billy Black thought with a sneer and a curse in each thought with my name. Charlie isn't even here, why are we waiting here in the rain like idiots? Jacob thought until he saw Bella, Oh, well†¦maybe this wasn't a wasted trip after all. I had heard enough. The thoughts radiating off of them were about to drive me to let the monster free. I couldn't let that happen when Bella was around. â€Å"This is crossing the line,† I said vehemently. Bella's eyes found mine and they were worried. â€Å"He came to warn Charlie?† she asked horrified. I gave her a grave look and nodded. I turned toward Billy then and I was seeing red. My eyes were narrowed into tiny slits. I can just get out of the car and scare them off. Or maybe I could†¦ â€Å"Let me deal with this,† Bella interrupted my internal rage. I didn't want to let her leave my side. To think of the things she was going to hear from Billy's mouth. His thoughts continued to get snippier and nastier each time he glared in my direction. I knew if I left the vehicle now and released my anger that I would lose Bella, so I quickly agreed, â€Å"That's probably best. Be careful, though. The child has no idea.† â€Å"Jacob is not that much younger than I am,† she reminded me crisply. I turned my gaze on her because she pulled me from my anger. She always knew exactly what to say to calm my nerves and bring me back to earth. I grinned at her, â€Å"Oh, I know,† I assured her. She looked exasperated. She reached for the door handle and sighed. I needed to leave here before my temper came back. What the hell are they doing? What is taking so long? Billy thought angrily. â€Å"Get them inside so I can leave. I'll be back around dusk,† I commanded. Her eyes met mine again, â€Å"Do you want my truck?† she asked. Hasn't she learned better by now? I rolled my eyes, â€Å"I could walk home faster than this truck moves.† A sad look entered her eyes, â€Å"You don't have to leave,† she said longingly. She had no idea how difficult it was for me to leave while there were vampires lurking in the vicinity and the Blacks were here to cause trouble. I looked at her expression realizing she didn't want me to leave just as much as I didn't want to leave her. â€Å"Actually, I do. After you get rid of them,† I glared in the Blacks direction, â€Å"you still have to prepare Charlie to meet your new boyfriend,† a smile spread across my face. She groaned loudly, â€Å"Thanks a lot.† Her face was so adorable when she was upset or angry. I couldn't help but smile at her. â€Å"I'll be back soon,† I promised. If she doesn't exit that truck in one minute I am going to go over there and make sure she is okay, Billy swelled ominously. I turned my glare back in the direction of the porch at the last thought. I wanted to taunt Billy just a little bit and Jacob too. I leaned down and slowly brought my lips to Bella's jaw. I kissed lightly and her heart jumped up in her chest. Her blood was pulsing quickly and the scent made me go wild. The kiss was all flames and electricity down my throat. When I moved away from her, she looked towards the porch and could see the same thing I could. Billy had a death grip on his wheel chair and his thoughts were in frantic disarray. Oh, how†¦ oh, goodness. I†¦ Well†¦disgusting! Billy's thoughts were choked. Bella realized how panicked Billy was now and she was suddenly in a rush, â€Å"Soon,† she ordered while opening the door to the truck and stepping out into the rain. When the rain droplets ran down her face I could see them evaporate while the wind blew her rainy scent in my direction. I gripped her steering wheel so tightly I almost broke it off. She shut the door quickly and ran to the porch for protection from the rain. I decided to keep my attention on the Blacks and not on the way Bella's scent was covered in a delicious sweetness. â€Å"Hey, Billy. Hi, Jacob,† Bella greeted them in a incredibly false pleased voice, â€Å"Charlie's gone for the day ?C I hope you haven't been waiting long.† Right, right, I don't believe she is worried about our wait at all. Billy thought with disappointment etched in every sagging line of his face. â€Å"Not long,† Billy replied dully, â€Å"I just wanted to bring this up,† he pointed to a brown paper sack in his lap. I wonder when Charlie will be home. I still can't believe what I saw in her truck. Billy thoughts continued to curse me. â€Å"Thanks,† Bella responded in a confused voice, â€Å"Why don't you come in for a minute and dry off?† she offered. She doesn't seem scared or nervous†¦not at all like she was just with a vampire. Billy was alight with a feverous fanatical burn. Bella opened the door and showed them in. Before the door was shut I was out of the truck and pelting through the woods. Each step dragged as I was contemplating going back and scoping up Bella and running for it. The only reason I didn't was because Billy was right about everything. She shouldn't be with me. She should realize the appalling creature that I am and run away screaming. But she didn't; she continued to pull herself ever closer to me and I allowed it. I embraced her and wanted her in my arms. The love I was feeling for her was overwhelming. If anything were to happen to her†¦ I stopped running in the forest to take several unneeded deep breaths. When the fear and anxiety finally dulled I swiftly made my way back home. For the first time in ages Alice wasn't waiting for me at the porch steps; Emmett was. â€Å"Hey! I heard that you and Bella are coming out to play ball tonight!† Emmett laughed loudly while his face twisted with glee. â€Å"No, Bella will not be playing,† I said with a grim smile. â€Å"Oh, damn it. I was hoping to see Bella with a bat in her hand,† Emmett smiled sinisterly. â€Å"Please, like I would place a bat in her hands!† Yeah, yeah I get it. You just don't understand how funny it is when she does something human, Emmett chortled a wild little laugh as he walked into the house. Alice walked over the threshold then, You know this is going to be a good game. There will be a tie breaker. Do you remember what happened last time between Jasper and Emmett? Esme is going to have to come up with a better idea for tie breaking. I smiled at her, â€Å"So are you pitching?† Of course, you can't let Carlisle do it; he's just not that good at pitching. Alice thought. We were both silent for a few seconds and I could tell what topic of conversation Alice really wanted to cover, â€Å"Go ahead, ask me,† I suggested. When can I take Bella shopping? Please let me take her soon! Have you seen the dreadful attire she was wearing? Just wait until you see what she is wearing tonight. Ugh! Alice pouted. â€Å"We'll see,† I replied. Fine, okay†¦ Want to throw the ball around? Alice asked, bored. â€Å"Sure.† Alice flew through the house, grabbed a baseball and flew to the backyard. I was already waiting for her. We threw the ball back and forth for several minutes until Jasper and Emmett came outside to join us. Emmett and Jasper decided that throwing the ball back and forth was ‘boring' and needed some spice. They began throwing the ball as far as they could to see who would be the first to not catch it. This went on for several long minutes. I sat on the grass watching the sun slowly descending behind the trees. I got up in a hurry to pick Bella up. Take Emmett's Jeep. Trust me. Alice sent a vision of us running through the forest, She would appreciate it if part of the way there wasn't on your back, she giggled. â€Å"Hey, Emmett, I'm taking your jeep,† I informed him. â€Å"Okay, bring it back in one piece, oh, and you better help Bella get into the Jeep. I wouldn't want to see her get hurt trying to get in it,† Emmett's bellowing laugh echoed and reverberated off of the trees. â€Å"Funny,† I muttered. I could hear Charlie and Bella's conversation from a mile down the road. I caught the very end of it. Bella had informed Charlie that we were going on a date and Charlie was having a hard time comprehending the match. â€Å"Where is he taking you?† he asked protectively. I could hear Bella groan loudly, â€Å"I hope you're getting the Spanish Inquisition out of your system now. We're going to play baseball with his family,† she explained. Baseball? Hum, maybe I had things all wrong with this Edward kid, Charlie mumbled in his thoughts, But, Bella, playing ball? A loud chuckle erupted from him. â€Å"You're playing baseball?† he asked in disbelief. I was extremely pleased that she finally told Charlie the truth about our plans. â€Å"Well, I'll probably watch most of the time,† she responded. All of the time, I amended in my mind. â€Å"You must really like this guy,† Charlie observed suspiciously. I heard Bella sigh as I parked in the driveway. I heard the water going in the kitchen. â€Å"Leave the dishes, I can do them tonight. You baby me too much,† said Charlie. I promptly made my way to the front door and lightly pressed the door bell. Bells began ringing throughout the house. I heard Charlie's footsteps followed by Bella's coming towards the door. He opened the door swiftly sending their scent flying out into the rain. Every particle of air around me began soaking up Bella's scent instantly. Charlie's scent could have been non-existent compared to hers. I could almost catch her taste on the saturated air. â€Å"Come on in, Edward,† Charlie greeted me. Bella exhaled a large gust of air sending another tantalizing scent ripping down my throat and sending my stomach into knots at the fragrance. â€Å"Thanks, Chief Swan,† I replied respectfully. â€Å"Go ahead and call me Charlie. Here, I'll take your jacket,† he reached for it. I pulled it off quickly and replied, â€Å"Thanks, sir,† before handing it over. â€Å"Have a seat there, Edward,† he ordered while pointing to the seat. I saw Bella's face in my peripheral vision and she looked like she was going to be sick with anxiety. I sat down in the only chair. Bella and Charlie sat on the sofa. Bella glared at me with her arms folded around her stomach. Her kittenish out-rage was comical at best and so I winked when Charlie's back was turned. Her cheeks turned bright pink – in horror or embarrassment I wasn't sure. â€Å"So I hear you're getting my girl to watch baseball,† Charlie mused. â€Å"Yes, sir, that's the plan,† I answered courteously. â€Å"Well, more power to you, I guess,† he said incredulously and we both broke into hooting laughs. Blood had boiled to the surface of Bella's face and rage flowed out of her mouth. She stood up, â€Å"Okay. Enough humor at my expense. Let's go,† she ordered. I waited for Charlie to stand up and then followed him. We met Bella in the hall while she angrily pulled her jacket over her flannel shirt. I don't care what Alice said, the flannel looks pleasant on her. When she flipped her hair it sent a wave of her bouquet my direction and I inhaled deeply at the pleasurable pain that was echoing in my throat. â€Å"Not too late, Bell,† Charlie instructed. â€Å"Don't worry, Charlie, I'll have her home early,† I promised. What he didn't know was that I would be staying the night in his daughter's room†¦again. Holding her tightly against my body and tracing every line of her face, arms, and shoulders. I imagined her trembling under my touch when Charlie finally distracted me. â€Å"You take care of my girl, all right?† Charlie ordered and I could hear the mental humming of his love for his only daughter spilling from his mind in large waves crashing into me all at once. I wondered briefly if this is what Jasper felt like when he absorbed someone's mood. Bella groaned again but we both ignored her. â€Å"She'll be safe with me, I promise, sir.† There was no doubt that she would always be safe with me, that I would never let any harm come to her. Charlie's thoughts became muffled like they did at times but I could still tell that he believed me. I grabbed my jacket and watched Bella walk angrily down the hall. Bella, still in her kittenish rage, turned to look at me and then marched out of the house. Charlie and I both laughed and I followed her. When she reached the porch her jaw almost dropped to the ground when she caught sight of the Jeep. Charlie came into view of the Jeep too and whistled. â€Å"Wear your seat belts,† he stammered. Bella finally got her act together after taking in the whole jeep. Her eyes had roamed from the monster tires to the metal guards over the headlights and the crash bar. She stalked forward and I followed her, opening the passenger side door. I saw her look at the ground and then at the seat while her eyes slightly popped. She crouched like she was about to spring up into the seat. I sighed remembering Emmetts taunts and I carefully grabbed her around the waist and lifted her into the Jeep with one hand. It was pouring down rain and her scent was teasing me by swirling around my nose and deep in my lungs as I inhaled. I walked around to the front of the Jeep while watching Bella struggle with the seat belt. I suppressed a chuckle. I opened the driver's side door and she looked at me confused, â€Å"What's all this?† she asked pointing to the buckles. â€Å"It's an off-roading harness.† â€Å"Oh-oh,† she looked nervous. I watched her struggle some more, delighting in the blood flushing her face at her frustration. She wasn't going to give up the fight and I finally sighed, reaching over her to help. I brought the seat belt over her neck caressing her lightly and brought my finger tips across her collarbone. Her hands went limp in her lap and her heart was like a humming bird's wings. She began breathing heavily. The scent of her breath hit me like a ton of bricks, sweet and delicious. I pulled away once she was buckled. I did enjoy dazzeling her. I turned the key in the ignition and the engine roared the life. Bella was looking rather nervous. â€Å"This is a†¦um†¦big Jeep you have.† â€Å"It's Emmett's,† I informed her, â€Å"I didn't think you'd want to run the whole way.† She was still breathless, â€Å"Where do you keep this thing?† â€Å"We remodeled one of the outbuildings into a garage,† I explained. She looked at me with one eyebrow raised, â€Å"Aren't you going to put on your seat belt?† I threw her a disbelieving look. She was being ridiculous. She continued to stare at me and her look suddenly became horror struck, â€Å"Run the whole way? As in, we're still going to run part of the way?† her voice rose a few intervals. I tried to prevent a grin from spreading across my face but it was a hopeless attempt. My lips turned up at the corners no matter how hard I tried to suppress it, â€Å"You're not going to run.† â€Å"I'm going to be sick,† she pulled her lips together tightly like she was preventing herself from getting sick right then. Again, I tried to prevent a smile from appearing and yet there it was. â€Å"Keep your eyes closed, you'll be fine.† With her normal nervous gesture she began biting at her lower lip. When she did this it always made me a little anxious that she might hurt herself, but she never did. I watched her carefully as the panic was racing through her veins. Her pulse was hammering and her breath was heavy on the air. Her hair was slightly wet from the rain and I couldn't help it – I brought my nose to her head and kissed her hair. A groan came out of my throat without my permission. I pulled away and she gave me a questioning look. â€Å"You smell so good in the rain,† I explained. I took more air into my lungs, a whirl wind of her warm scent swirled into them. I held it there for a second before exhaling and doing it all over again; reveling in her aroma. â€Å"In a good way or a bad way?† she gave me a furtive look. I sighed, â€Å"Both, always both.† Once our journey took us off the paved road and into the forest conversation became impossible for Bella because she was bouncing up and down. I swear I could see her eyes rattling around. I couldn't help but smile at her look. It was hilarious and no matter how hard I tried to hide my smile, it was brilliant and brightly plastered across my face. The end of the path loomed into view and we could no longer drive any farther. I stopped the Jeep turning the key as the engine became silent. â€Å"Sorry, Bella, we have to go on foot from here,† I explained. â€Å"You know what? I'll just wait here,† she answered sarcastically. â€Å"What happened to all your courage?† I asked with a smile, â€Å"You were extraordinary this morning.† Her face started draining of all color, â€Å"I haven't forgotten last time yet.† I wrenched the door open and hopped out of the Jeep and in less than a second I was on her side of the Jeep unbuckling her seat belt. She stared at me indignantly. â€Å"I'll get those, you go on ahead,† she protested. I finally unbuckled all of the straps and decided teasing was the best way to go, â€Å"Hmmm†¦,† I mused, â€Å"It seems I'm going to have to tamper with your memory.† I pulled her into my arms and sat her gently on the ground. â€Å"Tamper with my memory?† she asked anxiously. â€Å"Something like that,† I teased. It was no longer raining and the mist was falling into her hair sending the sweet seductive scent evaporating into every particle of air around us. I took in a generous amount of the air in between us. I decided a distraction was needed so I could get her into the clearing. She was leaning against the Jeep and I took two hasty steps until I trapped her there by placing both of my hands on either side of her. I brought my body ever closer to hers. She backed away slightly but didn't seem to mind my closeness. Her warm body enveloped me as I brought my face ever closer to hers. I wanted to place my lips to hers. I was nervous to see what her reaction would be this time. â€Å"Now,† I breathed, â€Å"what exactly are you worrying about?† â€Å"Well, um, hitting a tree -† she gulped, â€Å"?C and dying. And then getting sick.† I remembered both times when she got sick; at school and after running with me. I couldn't help but smile at the memories but quickly smoothed my face. I moved the few extra inches until her warm breath was now in my mouth. I brought my lips to the hollow at the base of her throat. I kissed lightly moving my nose under her jaw lightly. â€Å"Are you still worried now?† I breathed on her skin making her tremble in pleasure. â€Å"Yes.† her voice quivered in bliss, â€Å"About hitting trees and getting sick.† Apparently I wasn't distracting her enough though I was thoroughly distracted. I was euphoric. I trailed the tip of my nose up her throat and down her jaw line to the tip of her chin. â€Å"And now?† I whispered while breathing in her every breath. â€Å"Trees,† she inhaled, â€Å"Motion sickness.† I brought my lips to her eyes and kissed her eye lids, â€Å"Bella, you don't really think I would hit a tree, do you?† â€Å"No, but I might,† her confidence failing extravagantly. I began my journey to her mouth. I kissed slowly down her cheek letting her skin warm them. I brought my lips to the corner of her mouth. Gently, I let my bottom lip softly brush against hers. â€Å"Would I let a tree hurt you?† My lips were barely touching her. A curious sensation crawled up my throat. With every touch of our lips electricity shot through my body sending a joyous feeling through my veins. Her bottom lip was trembling in absolute pleasure. I took in several generous gulps of her breath. â€Å"No,† she breathed against my lips. â€Å"You see,† I said my lips touching hers as I spoke, â€Å"There's nothing to be afraid of, is there?† â€Å"No,† she sighed and she became limp against the Jeep, giving up. I pulled her face into my hands a little rougher than usual and brought my lips to hers fiercely. Our lips were moving together and we were both panting heavily at the sensations shooting through our bodies. She brought her arms around my neck bringing me closer to her. We embraced frantically while our bodies were welded together. My hands moved eagerly to her back bringing her closer to my chest while bowing her body against mine. She was quivering with delight as her lips parted slightly and she sighed heavily bringing her breath deep in my lungs. Excitement exploded in the pit of my stomach. I let go and staggered back several steps, flustered, realizing this was the only sensible course of action. I couldn't believe I let myself get so out of control. â€Å"Damn it, Bella!† I was gasping, â€Å"You'll be the death of me, I swear you will.† I watched as she leaned forward placing her hands on her knees and panting. â€Å"You're indestructible,† she mumbled while continuing to breathe heavily. I was so angry at myself for letting it get that far. I monster inside me wanted me to lose control and I couldn't let that happen. â€Å"I might have believed that before I met you. Now let's get out of here before I do something really stupid,† I growled. I pulled Bella onto my back while trying to be as gentle as possible. She secured herself to me by wrapping her legs around my waist and pulling her arms around my neck. The warmth rippled down my body. â€Å"Don't forget to close your eyes,† I reminded her. She lodged her face into my shoulder and it sent a jolt of electricity through me. I could feel her warm breath. I broke into a run and her pulse picked up, her heart beating out large palpitations. It only took a matter of minutes before we arrived just outside the clearing where my family was already preparing to play ball. Bella did not move as I stood there waiting for her to let go. I was terrified that she had opened her eyes and fallen sick like before. I reached behind me and ran my fingers through her silky hair gently. â€Å"It's over, Bella,† I said softly. She sighed in relief and she was suddenly no longer wrapped around me. I heard a pulpous noise that was followed by, â€Å"Oh!† I turned around swiftly worried she had hurt herself. I did the smallest of double takes before I saw her expression and the tension finally broke between us. Her face was screwed up in embarrassment. I was trying my hardest to hold in laughter but I was unable to. I barked out a laugh. Her expression had twisted into indignation and chagrin. She pushed herself off the ground while brushing dirt and bracken off of her backside. She turned, muttering silently, and marched off in the wrong direction. A smile was still on my face as I wrapped my arm around her waist. â€Å"Where are you going, Bella?† â€Å"To watch a baseball game. You don't seem to be interested in playing anymore, but I'm sure the others will have fun without you,† she said bitterly. â€Å"You're going the wrong way,† I said coolly. She turned on her heal with a firm and purposeful tread in the opposite direction. I shook my head back and forth at her and grabbed her around the waist a second time. â€Å"Don't be mad, I couldn't help myself. You should have seen your face,† I tried to explain but a chuckle broke through my composure. She looked at me haughtily. â€Å"Oh, you're the only one who's allowed to get mad?† she asked while raising her eyebrows. I paused for a moment and studied her face. â€Å"I wasn't mad at you.† â€Å"‘Bella, you'll be the death of me'?† she quoted crisply. â€Å"That was simply a statement of fact,† I said while still trying to hold in my amusement. She gave me a look of pure abhorrence and turned to stride away again. In a quick motion I pulled her to my chest. I couldn't take it if she left me now. â€Å"You were mad,† she persisted, her face stricken. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But you just said ?C† she began. â€Å"That I wasn't mad at you. Can't you see that, Bella?† I asked patiently. â€Å"Don't you understand?† I felt completely exasperated. She was so sweet, loving†¦fragile; there was nothing she could do to make me upset at her. She pursed her lips. â€Å"See what?† she insisted with a confused expression. â€Å"I'm never angry with you ?C how could I be? Brave, trusting†¦warm as you are,† I explained. â€Å"Then why?† she asked softly. I analyzed her face, trying to read her mind once again. I reached the barrier I always did while trying to probe her mind, the silence persisted. She looked just as confused as ever. I sighed and pulled her delicate face in my cold palms. Her cheeks instantly warmed my whole body. I looked her straight in the eyes. â€Å"I infuriate myself,† I said quietly. â€Å"The way I can't seem to keep from putting you in danger. My very existence puts you at risk. Sometimes I truly hate myself. I should be stronger; I should be able to ?C† She placed her warm palm over my mouth touching my lips softly. â€Å"Don't.† She stared into my eyes, the depth of her eyes were communicating with mine. I put my hand over hers and moved it to my cheek. The warmth radiated off of her skin and deep into my body. I felt the sudden urge to bring our lips together and tell her how much I loved her. The words were exiting my mouth before I made the decision to do so. â€Å"I love you,† I stated. â€Å"It's a poor excuse for what I'm doing, but it's still true.† Her face softened at my words. â€Å"Now, please try to behave yourself,† I pleaded as I slowly bent down and brushed my lips lightly across hers. She didn't move but her heart raced and she parted her lips with a sigh. I inhaled copious amounts of her breath into my lungs letting it send flames down my throat. â€Å"You promised Chief Swan that you would have me home early, remember,† she whispered against my lips. â€Å"We'd better get going.† My insides were twisting in pleasure at our touch but I finally got my act together. â€Å"Yes ma'am,† I replied while continuing to smile. I released all of her but her hand. I showed her the way through the forest. It was only a few feet until we reached the clearing. I was feeling radiant with glee. Esme, Rosalie and Emmett were sitting on a large rock. When they caught sight of us they all three rose. Alice and Jasper were in the distance throwing the ball back and forth and Carlisle was marking bases. Right on time! Alice thought. I'll just hold my breath if she gets too close, Jasper contemplated. I thought I heard them, Esme thought while walking in our direction. Rosalie strode off in the other direction without a single glance behind her. Oh great†¦the human's here, Rosalie sneered, alight with malice. Come on! Jeez, not this again†¦ Emmett stared at the back of Rosalie as she marched away from us. Whatever, I'm not missing this. Emmett followed behind Esme. â€Å"Was that you we heard, Edward?† Esme asked as she approached us. Yeah, that weird gurgling noise. â€Å"It sounded like a bear choking.† Emmett chortled. A small timid smile was on Bella's face. â€Å"That was him.† Oh, I see how it is, I thought internally. â€Å"Bella was being unintentionally funny,† I explained with a wide grin. Alice came running towards us. Five seconds, she thought as she stopped in front of us. â€Å"It's time,† she announced. Lightning flashed through the dark cloudy sky while thunder rippled overhead shaking the ground around us. Bella's eyes grew wide in wonder. Her face is hilarious, Emmett thought. â€Å"Eerie, isn't it?† he winked at Bella hoping for her to make another ‘human' face. â€Å"Let's go.† Alice grabbed Emmett's hand and they speed swiftly away toward the field. I'll take care of her. Go play now, Esme vested. Excitement was flowing in my veins. It had been a long time since I had felt so light and buoyant. â€Å"Are you ready for some ball?† I asked eagerly. Her face showed a mix of awe, bewilderment, and perplexity at the game. She seemed extremely intimidated. â€Å"Go team!† she said enthusiastically. A chuckle came through my lips as I fluffed her hair up in a frenzy and bounded after Alice and Emmett. Another crash of lightning sent a rumble of thunder through the earth at our feet. All the amazing feelings shooting through my body were making me exceedingly intoxicated with bliss. In this moment I felt like I had everything I could ever want. I flew past Alice and Emmett. Show off, Emmett thought. I just chuckled at his expression as I turned to run backwards, stopping in the outfield next to Carlisle. I peered over Emmett's shoulder to see Esme and Bella walking toward the field. â€Å"Same teams?† Carlisle asked. Everyone nodded in agreement. My team members, Carlisle and Alice, left to go to their positions. Carlisle went to stand between first and second base while Alice went to the pitcher's mound. I darted toward the outfield. Edward, you are such a gentleman, Esme commended. I hadn't been paying attention to their conversation and listened to the end of it as they finally reached the outside of the playing field. â€Å"You don't mind, then? That I'm†¦all wrong for him?† Bella asked Esme incredulously. She's not all wrong for me, I'm all wrong for her. I amended internally. â€Å"No.† Esme began. I'd never want to take Bella away from Edward, I just couldn't imagine†¦ â€Å"You're what he wants. It will work out, somehow.† He needs to change her but I know if he never will, Esme was thinking wistfully. The ground shook below us as thunder rumbled overhead. Get ready, Edward! Emmett chortled internally. He was swinging the bat back and forth. He'll miss the first one, Alice snickered. â€Å"All right,† Esme called out. â€Å"Batter up.† Emmett raised his bat, ready to strike. Alice continued to snicker internally as she pictured Emmett missing the first pitch. She brought the ball to her waist. In a swift stealthy move she brought the ball into flight. It flew past Emmett at amazing speeds as Jasper caught it. He's going to hit the next one, Edward. Be prepared, though, there is a ninety-seven percent chance you'll catch it. Alice mused in her mind. Jasper threw the ball back at Alice and she showed her gleaming teeth at him. Damn she is so attractive when she pitches, Jasper thought. I began ignoring Jasper's thoughts quickly after that. I didn't need to be distracted from the game. Alice brought the ball back to her waist. She threw it with great force again and I was prepared. Emmett hit the ball with such strength that the aluminum smashed into the ball making a sound so fierce that it reverberated off the trees. It sounded just like the thunder. I caught a glimpse of Bella before I took off running. Her face looked stunned. The ball suddenly flew toward me at a ferocious velocity. It went whizzing by me at lethal speeds and I was afraid I wouldn't be able to catch it. Bella had distracted me with yet another one of her expressions. I hurtled through the woods, jumping over downed trees, hopping over rocks until I caught up with the ball. I put all my strength into my leap as I jumped and caught the ball while grabbing onto a branch and swinging down to the ground. With immense speed I ran back to the clearing, ball raised high and a smile prominent on my face. â€Å"Out!† Esme yelled to Emmett's disappointment. Don't worry, I'll get you back†¦ he threatened. Bella had a bewildered expression. I heard Esme explaining what happened. â€Å"Emmett hits the hardest, but Edward runs the fastest.† Jasper was next to bat. He already knew that throwing one towards me would be a mistake and was going for a ground ball. He hit the ball and it bounced off the ground. Carlisle caught it and started running to beat Jasper to first base. They collided and sent another thunderous noise through the night's air. Bella was sitting on the grass and jumped up with a look of concern on her face. I laughed harder than ever at her expression. â€Å"Safe.† Esme called out. We continued to play until the other team had three outs. We switched positions and I was at Bella's side in a quick motion that she almost didn't see. â€Å"What do you think?† I asked in excitement. â€Å"One thing's for sure, I'll never be able to sit through dull old Major League Baseball again,† she smiled widely. â€Å"And it sounds like you did so much of that before,† I laughed. The thrill of the game and the desire I felt when I was around Bella had me feeling high. â€Å"I am a little disappointed,† she said teasingly. â€Å"Why?† I asked, perplexed. â€Å"Well,† she grinned, â€Å"it would be nice if I could find just one thing you didn't do better than everyone else on the planet.† She thought I was better than everyone else on the planet. I was soaring. I didn't think anything could remove the smile that seemed to be permanently plastered on my face. I'm going to have to have a talk with her about filling your head with non-sense, Emmett guffawed stupidly. You're oozing love over here. You're up lover boy, Jasper joked. â€Å"I'm up!† I told Bella while heading to the plate. We continued to play for several innings when several things happened simultaneously. I had bent down to get into the catching position, Carlisle had walked up to bat and Alice gasped in horror while she shrieked in alarm in her mind. I brought my eyes to hers as I saw what she was seeing. Terror rose inside me as a large dead weight fell through my chest and into my stomach. Three vampires were running in our direction, curious about playing ball. The next series of visions had me scrambling to Bella's side in terror. Edward, no! Alice thought while her vision continued as one tall vampire caught Bella's scent on the wind and attacked. In her vision Bella didn't die because we prevented him from sucking her dry but she had been bitten. Only a part of a second had passed and I was at Bella's side. Get her out of here now! Alice bellowed from her mind. My brain was in limbo because I saw the other outcomes too. Everyone was saying Alice's name alarmingly in their heads but Esme was the first to break the silence. â€Å"Alice?† she asked, her voice strained. â€Å"I didn't see ?C I couldn't tell,† she mouthed almost soundlessly. I felt Bella tense up as everyone flew rapidly to her side in protection. Bella knew – she had to know. She was always so observant. Everyones thoughts were jumbled in confusion and alarm. Panic burst inside me like poisonous gas. â€Å"What is it, Alice?† Carlisle asked in a business like tone. It's too late, Edward. I'm sorry. â€Å"They were traveling much quicker than I thought. I can see I had the perspective wrong before,† Alice's eyes were blank yet horror struck. They'll have to go through me before they get to Alice, Jasper thought protectively. He moved closer to her. â€Å"What changed?† She looked up at him in absolute horror. I could see how split second decisions were altering her visions. None of them looked promising. â€Å"They heard us playing, and it changed their path,† she explained with pure agony in her voice. It's my fault, she thought feebly. We all looked at Bella and saw that her face was shocked. Her heart drummed madly as she comprehended our words. I saw through seven pairs of eyes Bella's expressions from every angle. Each of their thoughts were ricocheting in my head. Was this the punishment I would suffer for being selfish? Losing her? I cried internally. My heart was screaming in protest. â€Å"How soon?† Carlisle asked me. Alice was in a stunned stupor. I read through each line of her thoughts as they flitted across her mind. â€Å"Less than five minutes. They're running ?C they want to play.† I frowned at him. Take Bella and run! â€Å"Can you make it?† Carlisle asked me nervously. I brought her scent into my lungs. It was just another reminder of how weak and fragile she was. â€Å"No, not carrying ?C† I cut short. â€Å"Besides, the last thing we need is for them to catch the scent and start hunting.† It was one of the many visions that had gone through Alice's mind: Bella being hunted. Each decision we made turned the outcome into something different. Some were more devastating than others. As soon as I decided it I saw the reaction of the vampires. They would hunt ?C we would lose. I couldn't run with her. This isn't good, Carlisle thought. All right, a fight! Emmett exclaimed in his head, completely unperturbed. I glowered at him. He shrugged, I'm sorry. I don't want them to hurt Bella any more than you do. â€Å"How many?† Emmett asked Alice. â€Å"Three,† she clipped in a muffled wail. â€Å"Three!† That will be too easy. â€Å"Let them come.† Emmett scoffed and began flexing his muscles. Everyone's thoughts were in such a frantic state of mind I couldn't listen anymore. They were coming at me from all angles. Bella's name was coming up in every single thought. I began dissolving in misery. It was entirely fault. â€Å"Let's just continue the game,† Carlisle finally decided. â€Å"Alice said they were simply curious.† This is ludicrous! I can't believe this crap†¦all for a human girl. Rosalie muttered reproachfully. Now that the decision is made what is the outcome? Carlisle asked me. I shrugged because there were too many situations where decisions have yet to be made. I knew my face was screwed up in concentration and I knew that worry lines were etched into every crease of my face. I could see myself perfectly in Carlisle's mind as he stared at me. Everyone began walking out onto the field to continue the game. Their minds were somewhere else though. Forest is clear here, Emmett thought. I nodded in his direction. Esme grabbed my arms and pulled me just a few feet away from Bella. The short distance felt like miles. I was so horrified that I had brought her to danger. Anguish was ripping through my body. A knot formed in the pit of my stomach. â€Å"Are they thirsty?† Esme whispered. I shook my head. That's good to hear. Esme was relieved. I headed back to Bella quickly. â€Å"You catch, Esme. I'll call it now.† I stood in front of Bella protectively. I would die to save her if I had to. She didn't deserve any fate but life. My insides were plummeting sickeningly with each aching second before the crimson eyed creatures were to come into view. I won't let anything happen to her, I swear. Alice tried to assure me. She had refused to go back onto the field, staying at Bella's side in a protective stance. I knew that in this moment Alice showed her loyalty to me. The space between her and Jasper made him relatively nervous and he, too, was staying closer to Alice because of the situation. Emmett and Rosalie were staying in the infield. Chaos was filling everyone's minds around me. The wind blew across Bella's neck sending her sultry scent down my lungs. â€Å"Take your hair down,† I commanded. Her face looked positively terrified as she obediently slid her rubber band out of her hair and shook it out. She could tell that eminent danger was around the corner. The smell assaulted my lungs again. â€Å"The others are coming now,† she stated. I knew she could understand. Her knowing mind always amazed me. For a fleeting second I thought about what it would do to me if she were no longer around. Pain ripped through my chest leaving large angry scratches. â€Å"Yes, stay very still, keep quiet, and don't move from my side, please,† I pleaded. The billowing wind blew her scent towards me again. Each time it was a reminder of how easily this could go wrong. The knot in my stomach tightened. I pulled her hair forward and tried to wrap it as closely to her neck as possible. Edward†¦Edward. Edward! Alice was shouting my name from her head but I was too preoccupied to notice. â€Å"That won't help,† she whispered, â€Å"I could smell her from across the field.† â€Å"I know,† I said, frustrated. Bella was like a gazelle in a sea of lions. I didn't want to scare her but you wouldn't respond. Alice sighed in her thoughts. The rest of my family began playing baseball again. This time they were lightly bunting the ball and barely running at top speeds. We weren't interested in the game anymore. The waves of terror continued emitting from everyone's mind. I felt Bella's heat against me. She had moved within inches of my body. â€Å"What did Esme ask you?† she whispered. I wasn't going to tell her but I realized that I had too. I hesitated for only a second. â€Å"Whether they were thirsty,† I was thoroughly discomposed. This is the dumbest idea ever. I don't know what the hell Edward is thinking keeping her human. Grr. So frail and†¦mortal. Rosalie wailed in a real temper. I ignored her because I was too busy looking for the minds of strangers in the forest. I wonder how many there are. An unknown ‘voice' flitted through my head. My eyes snapped up to the edge of the tree line. I couldn't believe I had put Bella in this kind of danger. I was constantly putting her in harm's way. â€Å"I'm sorry Bella,† I cried, â€Å"It was stupid, irresponsible, to expose you like this. I'm so sorry.† I couldn't expect forgiveness because I didn't deserve it. This should be interesting. I heard an unfamiliar female's mind. I heard them in the distance and so did the rest of my family. There was a quivering silence cutting through the air as my family peered out at the darkening forest in the direction of the coming doom. They were just lurking out of sight. I was convinced for a whole shining second that they had changed their minds until three dark figures emerged from the forest.

Brown Vs. Board Comes Up Again Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brown Vs. Board Comes Up Again - Essay Example The other side argues that they are trying to integrate schools as said by Brown vs. Board. They see it as trying to keep segregation from happening, not making it happen. The case was defeated in two smaller courts, but now is in the hands of the Supreme Court. Ethically, the lines between the two sides are muddled, unclear, and hard to walk. The most taken ethical standpoint is that all segregation is wrong. The idea that segregation is ethical would not cross many minds at all. In fact, the ideas of ethics combat the very ideals of segregation the core. Segregation always makes one side left out and short changed, not a very ethical stand point at all. The Supreme Court has huge ethical obligations here. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial power in the country, and being so its rulings at looked at with great esteem and should be made with the proper wisdom and patience of any such huge decision. The Courts also have the ethical obligation to review all the facts and the stories of both sides, to make sure that this case is done fairly and receives its proper due process of law. Ethically the people on the court have a duty to the people in the case, the people on each side of the argument, and really the entire country. If an incorrect or hasty decision was to be made, the ill effects would ripple through the country, and possibly have ill effects on the future and other decisions. The image of the Court as a high ruling power may also be tarnished if the proper ethical obligations are not held. This ruling is to have far reaching effects, as it turns out many schools use such programs to help keep schools even. How ever, is it fair to say that a policy that tries to support integration is unfair to some kids If kids are not allowed in a school because of color, that is segregation. However, maybe the policy simply needs to be revised and looked at, and parts of it change. I do not think the parents are upset over the entire policy, just the fact of the affirmative action and their kids not being accepted based on color. The obligations of the court must be to the Constitution and other ethical material. This ruling could affect many school policies, and could also have the potential to stop affirmative action for students of color on the high school, or any level. This is going to be an interesting case, and the outcome will be a milestone for the future of affirmative action

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data Essay - 4

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data - Essay Example More importantly, public access to information collected on patients is an instrumental component of the themes because all the organizations give recognition to the fact that people information are the private ownership of the patients, the information cannot be put out to public domain without necessary due course and procedure followed (Fielding., Teutsch and Koh, 2012). In some cases, the organizations even consider the possibility of the information being put on public domain as a last resort. Another important theme also has to do with the right to amend health records. This is an important theme to the organizations because they consider health state of patients as something that is not perpetual but periodically changes with time. As these changes take place, right is given for the amendment of the health records. Finally, the theme of privacy complaint reporting and tracking runs through almost all the organizations as the organizations use this as a medium for ensuring that there is an effective evaluation and monitoring system by which all forms of irregularities with information practices can be tracked and appropriately addressed (Mayo Foundation, 2002). In terms of aim and purpose, it would be said that almost all the organizations have a common objective to attain with protected health information. However, a line of significant difference is drawn when it comes to the mode of implementation of this all important goal of ensuring that health information of patients are protected. Between Mayo Foundation and Georgetown for instance, it would be observed that there is a clear cut different in the approach to ensuring that there is implementation whereby Mayo Foundation prefers the use of information security program, which is an integrated action plan, whereas Georgetown uses Privacy Complaint Reporting and Tracking to achieve the same goal. Between the two the

Aviation Systems Blogs and Wikis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aviation Systems Blogs and Wikis - Essay Example Most of these blogs contain excellent materials that an individual can never get enough, especially with the current trend where people acquire most of the information and learning materials from the online resources. For these reasons, I would recommend the Second Life Aviation from the wiki site for students seeking online aviation materials and other related resources (Second Life Aviation, 2015). These sites have invaluable materials and articles that provide immense information on the topic. Personally, I consider the site as the favorite because of the ease of getting information and materials related to aviation. The site resembles a blog, it is well managed by the wikia website, one of the largest wiki platforms online, with huge fan base contributing to the concepts and asking questions that draws discussions and forum indulgence. Such approach makes it easy to learn and acquire additional insight on aviation. Additionally, its simplicity nature makes it easy for anyone to use the information and contribute to the existing knowledge base. Simplicity here is available from various aspects of materials, the website has several sections that are easy to access and select. First, the language in use is clear, simple, and precise. Also the tabs are well arranged and one can easily know where to find what they are looking for. For instance, if you want to know more on Aircraft, it brings you to it and offers you an array of information on it. Further to that, is the design, theme is well thought of and appealing. Also the tabs are well labeled out with each topic having a sub-topic on an under t ab, once you click on the main tab. With all of these features and the immense knowledge related to aviation and others items, it is only fair to say that this would be a site suitable for students to increase their knowledge on matters related to aviation. I therefore highly recommend it, for any student who requires in-depth and informative online platform about

Internal audit and corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internal audit and corporate governance - Essay Example Although internal auditors are characteristically accountants, this activity can also be carried out by other qualified experts who are knowledgeable with the company's functions as well the necessary regulatory requirements. (Friedberg, 2004) The span of internal auditing in an organization is expansive and it may engage internal control issues such as the effectiveness and efficiency of business processes, the consistency of financial reporting, preventing and inspecting fraud, protecting resources and other important assets, and observance with the laws and organizational strategies. (Friedberg, 2004) Internal auditing repeatedly requires measuring observance with the businesses' policies and procedures. Nevertheless, internal auditors are not accountable for the implementation of business activities; they give advice to the senior management on the subject of how to better accomplish their responsibilities. Management is responsible for internal control. (Friedberg, 2004) Management sets up the course of action and designs processes to facilitate the organization in achieving particular objectives in each particular field. Internal auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and processes designed are operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. (Friedberg, 2004) To execute their responsibility efficiently, internal auditors have need of self-rule from management, to facilitate open and clear assessment of organizational activities and personnel. Although, internal auditors are part of company management and are paid by the company, but the most important client of internal audit activity is the body charged with supervision of management's actions. (Friedberg, 2004) Internal auditors may also help businesses' commence and retain Enterprise Risk Management processes. The Internal auditors also play an imperative task in facilitating businesses' to carry out a top-down risk assessment. In these concluding two fields, internal auditors usually are part of the project team in an advisory position. Based on a risk evaluation of the business, the internal auditors, and the senior management determines where to concentrate the internal auditing uphill struggle. (Rezaee, 2002) Internal auditing activity is normally carried out as solitary or as more distinct projects. A characteristic internal audit plan comprises of the subsequent measures. First and fore mostly, it begins with establishing and sharing the degree and purpose for the audit to appropriate management. This is followed by developing an understanding of the business division in evaluation. This encompasses objectives and significant operation types, it involves analysis of credentials and dialogues; flowcharts and accounts may be created if necessary. (Rezaee, 2002) Then the identified control measures are used to make certain that each crucial business transaction is correctly controlled and scrutinized. After that, the internal auditors work out and execute a risk-based sampling and examining approach to find out whether the a good number of important controls are working

European Union Law- (Problem Question) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Union Law- (Problem Question) - Essay Example Certainly, there has been no enforcement of the minimal redundancy directive by the ECJ. Because ‘a directive shall leave to national authorities the choice of form and methods’ and always requires national implementation which can lead to different implementation methods in different member states (UK Redundancy, 2003), Andrew, who worked for an emanation of the state, might have better positioning than Boris, who worked for a private entity. EC/EU law takes priority over the law of Member States if there is inconsistency between them. If in any respect British law is incompatible with applicable European Community law, then an individual who suffers loss as a result may be able to claim compensation from the British government due to state liability. This result is unlikely for Boris coming from the private sector both because the British government normally goes to considerable trouble to ensure that British law conforms with EC directives and because the British Courts will resolve any ambiguity in the wording of a British statute in a way which is cons istent with EC law. The courts will also interpret British law in a way which is consistent with applicable EC law unless the wording of the British provision makes this impossible. Nevertheless, there are several examples of cases in which British law has been held to be unenforceable because it is inconsistent with EC Directives (European Communities Act, 2005). Sr Francovich sued the Italian government on the grounds that he had suffered loss as a result of the governments failure to implement EC Directive 80/987 ("on the approximation of the laws of Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of insolvency of their employer"). He was employed by a company in between January 1983 and April 1984. The employer went bankrupt owing him some 6m lire (approx  £3,000) pay. He obtained judgment

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers Term Paper

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers - Term Paper Example The ROI is at 30% after taxes, based on the asking price. It is expected that these numbers could be even higher, based on preliminary marketing projections. However, ABC has several operational issues that need to be addressed prior to the purchase. The following will discuss these operational issues and will outline a plan for rectifying them. Understanding Solar Water Heaters. In order to perform a proper assessment of the market and opportunities that lie in the Solar Hot Water Heater market, it is important to gain an understanding of how they work and the various types that are available on the market. Solar hot water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Compared to other types of hot water heating systems, they pay for themselves overtime as the customer saves money by not purchasing an alternate fuel source. Solar systems use solar energy from the sun, which is free. The initial cost is paid back over time, after which the cost for the unit is free, oth er than for repairs. The decision to install a solar hot water heater has a high initial cost that represents a longer-term investment in which its payback is sometime in the future. There are three different types of collector systems for solar water heating units. The first type is the flat-plate collector, which consists of a weatherproofed, insulated box. Inside the box is a dark absorber plat that is under one or more glass or plexiglass panels. The absorber plate itself can be either metal or polymer. The integral collector-storage system has one or more black tanks or tubes in and insulated glazed box. In this system, the solar hot water heater acts as a pre-heater, warming the water before it passes through a conventional system. The third type of solar water heater is the evacuated-tube solar collector. This type of system uses parallel rows of glass tubes. These tubes contain a glass outer tube and a metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin absorbs solar energy, but prevents radiant heat loss. The evacuated-tube system is used in a commercial setting. Most residential systems are either the flat-plate collector type, or the integral collector-storage system. Circulation systems can be either direct or indirect systems. The direct system pumps water through the collectors and into the house. They are used in climates that do not experience freezing temperatures. The indirect heating system circulates non-freezing heat-transfer fluid through the colle

Issues Regarding Ranking of People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues Regarding Ranking of People - Term Paper Example hoot-out, Zimmerman was arrested by the police; the police arrived at the scene about two minutes after the shooting, in response to a distress call made by Zimmerman (Bell et al. 89). After his arrest, Zimmerman was put under police custody, treated for the head injuries that he claimed were inflicted on him by Trayvon, and was later questioned for five hours, regarding the events leading to the shooting. However, after a few hours, Zimmerman was released, and the police chief in charge of the case gave a variety of reasons for the release, including that he had acted in self-defense (Bell et al. 88-89). The police chief also maintained that the â€Å"stand your ground statute† did not allow the police to arrest Zimmerman for the controversial murder of the teenager, irrespective of the victim’s civil rights as well as the human rights of all Americans (Hancock 1). This paper will explore the event of Trayvon’s killing, with the aim of showing how the event led to an inequitable society, the resolution of the event and its effects. Despite the fact that Zimmerman, a Hispanic had shot Trayvon, an African-American dead, and despite the fact that the case was evidently an extreme one, Zimmerman was relelased after a few hours. The social stratification between the African-Americans and Americans of American descent demonstrated the social construction of social stratification for the different classes, and the case ended with an inadequacy of the attention warranted by the murder of Trayvon (Day-Vines et al. 401). The lack of equitability in society was evidenced by the responses offered to the murder, including that little attention paid to the fact that the police had ordered Zimmerman to stop pursuing Trayvon, yet he went ahead to shoot him dead. Secondly, there was the issue that, despite the fact that Zimmerman did not have any credible reasons to suspect that Trayvon was planning or in the process of committing a crime, the investigating officers paid

Reading Log 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Log 8 - Assignment Example This made it difficult for labor unions to organize checks in these locations. Besides, quite a number of occupations were lost through technology changes. Employees in the meat packing industry understand that it is important to champion their rights. Thus, in order to unionize meat packing employees and win considerable gains in wages and benefits can only be achieved through mobilizing the force of workers tactically positioned in the supply chain that provides the frozen meat packs to retail outlets. This, therefore, means a fight back against the meatpacking and trucking bosses to once more make those businesses strongholds of union power. However, labor traitors heading unions are pursuing a plan which will substitute direct organization of workers into unions. The plan entails forming alliances with alternative labor organizations, and community groups that systematize workers outside the joint bargaining package for betterment of working conditions and better

GI tract symptoms Essay Example for Free

GI tract symptoms Essay Nick has complained of â€Å"burning and prickly pain† in his feet, dizziness when he is standing or sitting, weak refluxes, being clumsy, vision changes, hearing changes, and trouble focusing. His symptoms are considered both sensory and motor.Nick’s symptoms are most likely due to peripheral nerve damage not central nervous damage. The component of the reflex arc that is most likely to be damaged is the integrating center. One or more regions of the CNS relay impulses from the sensory to the motor neurons, meaning that the impulses don’t ever reach the effectors and the motor neurons. The parasympathetic division of the ANS would be causing Nick’s GI tract symptoms because it is in controls of the inner workings of the body. The ANS control blood pressure by sensing a rise or fall in the about of blood pumping in the veins. Depending on that amount it either causes them to constrict o dilate at needed. During physical stress the part of the brain that interacts with the ANS to initiate the rapid heart rate and respiratory rate, elevated BP and extreme sweating is the prefrontal cortex. The Adrenergic receptors regulate the closing of sphincters and relaxation of the organ walls. Polyneuropathy is an appropriate term to use to describe Nick’s symptoms because his symptoms are caused by damage to more than one nerve. The symptoms that indicate polyneuropathy are the decreased ability to feel pressure or pain, burning and tingling in his feet, decreased refluxes, being clumsy and the dizziness. Nick’s symptoms indicate a peripheral polyneuropathy rather than a CNS lesion of the brain or spinal cord because they are symptoms related to sensation loss or weakness of certain areas. Symptoms related to the somatic reflexes are the weakness of reflexes, loss of pressure sensation and burning/tingling in his feet. Symptoms related to the autonomic reflexes are dizziness when sitting to standing and his GI tract symptoms.

Personal Leadership Development Plan Education Essay

Personal Leadership Development Plan Education Essay The scientific analysis of leadership began by focusing on leaders themselves. The trait theory of leadership, as it is often called, was originally grounded in the assumption that some people are simply natural leaders by virtue of the fact that they have been endowed with certain characteristics not possessed by others. Since traits appeared to have little analytical or predictive value, leadership researches shifted their emphasis in the late 1940s and early 1950s from leader traits to leader behaviors as the basic unit of analysis. The investigation of leader traits has been more productive because researchers have constructed more appropriate theories, used better measures of traits, included more relevant traits, and used longitudinal data. Consequently a variety of personal attributes, such as energy level and emotional maturity have now been linked to effective leadership (e.g. Bass, 1990). Further, traits associated with socialized or learned motivational patterns, such as t he need for power and the need for achievement, have been empirically connected with effective managers. In addition, different types of skills, that is, interpersonal skills, technical skills, and cognitive skills appear to be relevant to managerial success. The cumulative traits in an individual make him/her decide the best for his future and lead for him the path of glory. The same goes for me as well as there lies some unrigged traits in me that drives me towards the development of a specific leadership plan for me, according to my inherited features. The trait of making people come to a common conclusion inherits in me, which gives me an insight as to being a strong leader. Though this trait is not dominant in me yet, but with the growth of my mind and body, I would want to work on this trait of mine to utilize the positives. Also, the art of misleading people at times, in order to get the work out, is not visibly seen in me. Therefore, the specific nuances that are required to become a complete leader is missing in my overall personality. The positives would be taken by me in all its valid respects, and the negatives would be scrolled out viciously. LEADERSHIP STYLES The path-goal model identified four distinct types of leader behaviors: 1. Supportive leadership Leaders with this style show concern for the well being and personal needs of subordinates. 2. Directive leadership Leaders with this style provide specific guidance for subordinates by setting standards of performance, scheduling and coordinating work efforts, and asking subordinates to follow rules and regulations. 3. Achievement-oriented leadership This style of leadership involves setting challenging goals, seeking improvements in performance, emphasizing excellence in performance, and showing confidence that subordinates will achieve high levels of performance. 4. Participative leadership Leaders with this style solicit suggestions and advice from subordinates and take this information into account when making decisions. The most prominent leadership style in me is of Participative. This is because the instinct of participation has always been dominant in me, which has further encouraged me to take various decisions. The art of listening to others patiently and finalizing my own opinions yet has been firmly rooted within me. Contrary to this, stands the authoritative style of leadership. This style lies on the harsher side of an individual, and therefore, an individual like me is refrained from such a style. Moreover, if there lies any possibility of me getting prone to this leadership style, I shall make sure that I utilize it to the best of my ability, without making it a bane for anyone. LEADERSHIP SKILLS Developing leadership skills is a continuous process which needs to be sharpened throughout a persons career. In order to develop my leadership skills, I will first need to take stock of my existing leadership skills, strengths and weaknesses. While doing this, what would be required of me is the consideration of the difference between leadership and management. Though the leadership skills incorporate the elements of charisma, dependability, flexibility, judgment, integrity, courage, individual consideration etc, I would like to inculcate some of the dominant skills while framing my personality plan. These skills would include the element of intellectual stimulation, charisma and individual consideration. Charisma to be quoted in a single sentence, can be defined as ones ability to entrust respect, trust and faith, which according to me, is the most required. Another pertinent leadership skill that I would like to imbibe is intellectual stimulation. It is the ability to make others working in the organization make use of facts and logic so as to extract new ways of solving problems. These elements shall make my plan of personality a worth while option. TEAM BUILDING Another trait of leadership is team building, which can prove to be a success or a failure of a leader. Team building is a catch all term for a whole list of techniques aimed at improving the internal functioning of work groups (Kreitner et al., 2002). Whether conducted by company trainers or outside consultants, team building workshops strive for greater cooperation, better communication, and less dysfunctional conflict. Experiential learning techniques such as interpersonal trust exercises, conflict-handling role play sessions, and interactive games are common. Rote memorization and lectures/discussions are discouraged by team-building experts who prefer this sort of active versus passive learning. Greater emphasis is placed on how work groups get the job done than on the job itself. Team building generally is carried out in the name of organization development (OD). The extensive use of team building appears to be justified. The element of team building is something which I personally appreciate in any individual and therefore, talking about me, the imbibing of this very power would be addressed by me further. In order to be strong leaders and in order to develop a personal leadership plan, my emphasis would be on building and leading groups. This way a sense of team would be visible in my skills, in turn making me a perfect leader. COMMUNICATION The issue of communication is vital for the successful functioning of any organization. All organizations normally establish formal mechanisms and processes of vertical and lateral lines or channels of communication to provide the means by which information, facts, ideas, proposals, emotions, feelings, opinions and problems can be exchanged. According to Kelly, the term Communication may be defined as the field of knowledge which deals with the systematic application of symbols to acquire common information regarding an object or event. Communication and information feed the quality of all human relations in organizations. Good communications underlie good relations and exchange the general quality of working life, motivation and morale. Bad and inadequate communications lead to frustration, and enhance feelings of alienation and lack of identity and unity. Choosing the right kind of communication is crucial in forming a leadership plan and it depends a lot on the culture of a region. My communication style depends partly on whether the addressees make a high or low contribution in the communication process. My communication style is more participative as I belong to a culture in which there is more of a democratic style of functioning. The style of communication also depends on whether a culture is individualistic or collective. Since there are some traits of collective culture, therefore, my emphasis is more on the group achievement, rather than on the individual achievement. The leadership skills primarily incorporate the element of communication, which in turn exhibit the vital ingredients that are necessary to be referred while communicating with an individual. I would certainly like to acquire some of the pertinent communication skills that would make me a jack in the field of leadership. These skills would incorporate the tinge of activeness and vigor to impress the one standing on the other side. Another important communication skill that I would like to imbibe is the ability to convince the other. This would make several doors open for me while planning my steps in the development of the leadership plan. II. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES My utmost and peripheral strength is my ability to work hard. Hard-work and perseverance are considered the most vital elements for gaining an upper hand on the other individual. While developing the leadership development plan, the foremost thing that I shall adhere to is gathering my strengths together and making the best possible use of it in my career. My ability to lead shall make me more eligible for succumbing to the development of my leadership development plan. The only way to lead in life is therefore, to accumulate all the hidden strengths and wave off all the imbibed weaknesses, which spoils the entire plan in a go. Being a bit of short tempered, I tend to lose my patience at times. This can prove to be a very negative trait of mine while developing my leadership plan. Therefore, in order to become a successful leader, I would have to eradicate this flaw or weakness of mine and work on the further inevitability of the same. This shall make the whole process of developing a plan reach the set targets. Patience is said to be the key of success, therefore, this trait would be duly inculcated by me in its set limits. III. PERSONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION The earliest content theory of scientific management was pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor, Frank Gilbreth and Henry L. Gantt. The scientific management theory of motivation considered money to be the only incentive. Subsequent theories began to consider factors such as working conditions and work security to be incentives. Still later, the possibility of satisfying higher level needs or motives also came to be considered as incentives. Examples of such needs are: the needs for esteem and self- actualization, identified by Maslow; responsibility, recognition, achievement and advancement as proposed by Herzberg; and growth and personal development as identified by Alderfer. The most popular extension and refinement of Maslows theory of needs is the one proposed by Alderfer (1972). While Maslows model was not developed specifically for work organizations, Alderfers theory attempted to establish a conceptualization of human needs that are relevant to organizational settings. In extending Maslows theory Alderfer argued that the need categories could be grouped into three more general classes: Existence, Relatedness and Growth. Under the content theories of motivation, Maslows hierarchy of needs goes best with my actual self. The five step needs are essential for any individual to survive. In order to form a leadership development plan, the scope of motivation must be wide and diverse. To begin with, the physiological and safety needs are the foundation that makes me stand stiff towards the commencement of leadership plan. Furthermore, the love, esteem and self actualization needs stand erect in strengthening my base and applying such a theory in my practical life to grow higher. Also, Alderfers ERG theory of motivation plays a great role in growing higher and leading high. This will help in developing a synchronized plan of leadership for me. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION There are three process theories of motivation namely Equity Theory, Vrooms Expectancy Theory and The Porter-Lawler Model. First proposed by Stacey Adams, the equity theory is completely based on the basic ground that people aspire to get treated fairly. The theory propounds that equity is nothing better than a belief that states that we are being treated equally as compared to the others. It also defines that inequity is just a belief that we are being treated unfairly in comparison to others. Adams describes the equity comparison process in terms of input/outcome ratios. Inputs are an individuals contributions to the organization, such as education, experience, effort and loyalty. Outcomes are what he or she receives in return, such as pay, recognition, social relationships and intrinsic rewards. Speaking about the Vrooms Expectancy Theory, Vroom (1964) presented the first systematic formulation of expectancy theory developed specifically for work situations. According to Vroom (1964) employees rationally evaluate various work behaviors. Put another way, employees will decide to apply effort to those tasks that they find attractive and that they believe they can perform. The attractiveness of a particular task depends upon the extent to which the employee believes that its accomplishment will lead to valued outcomes. Porter and Lawler extended the highly known Vrooms (1964) expectancy model. They agreed with Vroom that employee effort is jointly determined by the valence that employees place on certain outcomes and the degree to which people and their efforts will lead to the attainment of these rewards. However, Porter and Lawler emphasize that effort may not necessarily result in performance. Furthermore, they contend that the relationship between valencies and expectancies, on the one hand, and effort or motivation, on the other, is more complicated than Vrooms model suggests. When it comes on which process theory suits me, I think the Porter- Lawler method suits me the best. It webs my efforts, performance, rewards and satisfaction in a systematic queue that enhances my work motivation and makes me a more worthwhile individual. It is generally said that a happy worker is a productive worker and I personally desire to inherit the same within me. The how of motivation is explained under the process theory of motivation. The deep down cognitive antecedents are subdued in my personality, making my ladder of career taller and taller. My desire to perform in every field and extract wonderful results boosts me to apply certain elements of process theories of motivation in my very self. 5 FACTOR PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE The five factors that I espouse to inhibit within me in its complete respect are the elements of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness. The quality of extraversion is deep seated in my personality but as and when I am progressing towards the overall grooming, I am quite inquisitive to form such a leadership development plan that brings out my inner talent and positive qualities. I would certainly go by the factors of agreeableness and conscientiousness too. This would in turn strengthen my plan in totality. LEADERSHIP THEORIES AND CONCEPTS There are many different leadership theories that have been developed. The first one is Leader Traits. The scientific analysis of leadership began by focusing on leaders themselves. The trait theory of leadership, as it is often called, was originally grounded in the assumption that some people are simply natural leaders by virtue of the fact that they have been endowed with certain characteristics not possessed by others. Since traits appeared to have little analytical or predictive value, leadership researches shifted their emphasis in the late 1940s and early 1950s from leader traits to leader behaviors as the basic unit of analysis. The investigation of leader traits has been more productive because researchers have constructed more appropriate theories, used better measures of traits, included more relevant traits, and used longitudinal data. Consequently a variety of personal attributes, such as energy level and emotional maturity have now been linked to effective leadership (e .g. Bass, 1990). Further, traits associated with socialized or learned motivational patterns, such as the need for power and the need for achievement, have been empirically connected with effective managers. In addition, different types of skills, that is, interpersonal skills, technical skills, and cognitive skills appear to be relevant to managerial success. The apparent failure of trait approaches to the study of leadership, by the end of the 1940s, led researchers to adopt a new focus for their work during the 1950s. Instead of personal attributes, investigators began to concentrate on leader behaviors as explanatory variables. This approach compares the behaviors of effective leaders with those of ineffective ones. Two major research projects investigating leader behaviors were initiated at about the same time. One was a research effort conducted at Ohio State University. The other was a program undertaken at the University of Michigan by Likert and his colleagues. Leadership theories though are self explanatory and inviting to plan a better development plan of leadership, yet my development plan focuses on the trait theory of leadership. This gives an insight to the different traits that are present in every individual differently, irrespective of its form and format. The leadership traits that I found to be the most tempting are leadership motivation, which implies having a desire to lead but not being hungry for power at the same time. The drive, honesty and integrity are other related traits in the trait theory of leadership, but out of all these traits, the best suited for me is the drive and cognitive ability. It insinuates me to lead in a better way, no matter how hard a circumstance I am being put in. Drive is a force that incorporates energy, initiative, achievement, ambition and tenacity and I feel all these traits are present in me, somewhere or the other, but are not yet prominent. But I shall nourish these traits within me, without any hustle and bustle. IV. CONCLUSION Hence my leadership development plan would be such that it makes me an overall groomed individual, inhibiting the leading traits of empathy, patient listener, leadership motivation, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Also, since I inherit features like extraversion, cognitive antecedents and strong determination, I would aspire to go smooth on the path of success, by droving along the aforementioned inhabitants. Group achievement is another aspect that I would be dealing with in order to form a strong place for myself in the dynamic world of leadership. My plan of leadership development would therefore be inclusive of all the positive traits and skills quoted by me above and would exclude most of the unwanted features.

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the most precious gift a mother can give her infant. When there is illness or malnutrition, it may be a lifesaving gift; when there is poverty, it may be the only gift. Ruth Lawrence, M.D. 1.1 Background of research Exclusive breastfeeding starts from a new born to the age of six months. It is an ideal and incomparable to any infant formulas created for them recently. As it has been known that breastfeed contains the perfect food for a newborn which has immunization to diseases, easy to digest and at the perfect temperature to be fed to infants. Breast milk is the natural first food for babies which provides all the energy and nutrient that the infant needs for the first months of life. The first breastfeed milk is known as the colostrums which can only be found in breast milk that contains all best nutrients for the new born babies. Colostrums contain antibodies that protect the baby from bacteria and viruses in the early age. It helps to increase the babys intelligence and growth and strengthen the close bond between mother and the baby ( Gartner et al. 1997). It strongly proven that breastfeed is the best food for a baby that no other food has the same nutrients values. Pregnant mothers should have the knowledge and awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding to newborn infants. This study is to find out how much the awareness and knowledge of 30 pregnant women in the antenatal and postnatal wards through questionnaires. They should be aware of the benefits of breast milk to infants and to their own health. Many women make infant feeding decisions before delivery and before any contact with healthcare professionals. Although health promotions campaigns are influential in educating women about breastfeeding, they often do not dissuade women from formula feeding once the decisions has been made. Antenatal preparations of pregnant women for breastfeeding rises awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, empower them with practical knowledge and skill in breastfeeding techniques, and prepare them for possible difficulties. Though many campaigns and seminars were done nationally to educate the public, yet the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is still to the unsatisfactory level. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Malaysia has been decreased from 92% ( in 1950s) to 78% (in 1970s) but there was a slight of increment in the early year of 1975( Da Vanzo, 1991) although for only less than 10%. Report done by the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA, 2005) , showed that millions of babies fell sick every year as they were not breastfeed. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) estimated that more than 1.5 million babies died yearly may be avoided if the babies were given exclusive breastfeed, from birth to six months and continuously until the age of two years old. Malaysia has been doing a lot of promotions and activities lately to give the knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding through activities such as World breastfeed week and Baby friendly Hospital. 1.1 Problem of statement Breast feeding have multiple benefit to the mother and child but there are still postnatal mother that are not confident and not interest to breast feed their baby. This problem might be due to lack of knowledge on information sources regarding breastfeeding. This research is done to elevate the knowledge between antenatal and postnatal mothers in this hospital. Breastfeeding offers irrefutable and long-lasting health benefits for both mother and baby, which are supported by a comprehensive scientific research. Many research and evidence base has been conducted and proven that the benefits of breastfeeding are undeniable. Ministry of Health has set and implements various strategy in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. One of the strategy is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on 1993.The aim is neither than to develop an environment that support mother to breastfeed their baby, create a policy that control exclusive breastfeeding. On Mac 1998, Malaysia had been announced as the 3rd country in the world which all the government hospital has been given the Baby Friendly Hospital status. Over time, the percentages of births to subgroups with higher rates of breastfeedingparticularly Malays and more highly educated womenhave increased. However, there is also evidence of changes in rates of breastfeeding within these subgroups. Many Malaysian infants have a total duration of breastfeeding (including with supplementation) considerably shorter than WHO recommended six months of exclusive breastfeeding. The national breastfeeding policy has been revised in 2006, according to WHO all mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth until 6 months of age and thereafter to continue until their child is 2 years old. Complementary foods should introduce when the baby is 6 month old. 1.2 Hypothesis The postnatal mothers have a higher level of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge compared to the antenatal mothers. 1.3 Significance Of Study The benefits of breast milk is undeniable, manufacturer are trying to create a milk that are at least having similar benefits and nutritional value as the breast milk, yet no strong research study has been conducted to prove it. Not all the properties of breast milk are understood, but its nutrient content is relatively stable. Breast milk is made from the nutrients in the mothers bloodstream and bodily stores. Some studies estimate that a woman who breastfeeds her infant exclusively uses 400 600 extra calories a day in producing milk. The composition of breast milk depends on how long the baby nurses. Research shows that the milk and energy content of breast milk actually decreases after the first year. Breast milk adapts to a toddlers developing system, providing exactly the right amount of nutrition at exactly the right time. In fact, research shows that between the ages of 12 and 24 months, 448 milliliters of a mothers milk provide these percentages of the following minimum daily requirements: Energy 29% Folate 76% Protein 43% Vitamin B12 94% Calcium 36% Vitamin C 60%10 Vitamin A 75% . 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 General Objective The aim of this study is to identify all antenatal and postnatal mothers have the confidence and knowledge to exclusive breastfeeding. 1.4.2 Specific Objectives 1.3.2.1 To examine the knowledge of antenatal and postnatal mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding 1.3.2.2 To educate antenatal and postnatal mothers with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and understandings. 1.5 Significant of Project 1.5.1 The importance of this study is to find out the difference knowledge level between antenatal and postnatal mothers on exclusive breastfeeding. 1.5.2 This study needs to assess the knowledge level of the antenatal and postnatal mothers after informations, campaign and educations given by health care staff and to show the teaching techniques by them are effective. 1.5.3. The is to esure that it will increase the knowledge and improvements to induviduals involvements in exclusive breastfeeding 1.6 Scope of Project 1.6.1 The study sample is limited to antenatal mothers who was come for screening in labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 1.6.2 Antenatal mother who was not delivered baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 1.7 Definition 1.7.1 Assessment Assessment is a process that follows a continuous cycle of improvement based upon measurable goals, involving data collection, organization and interpretation leading to planning and integration. 1.7.2 Knowledge Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge is an appreciation of the possession of interconnected details. 1.7.3 Exclusive breastfeeding Exclusive breastfeeding defined as no food or liquid other than breast milk , not even water, is given to the infant from birth until six months of age. 1.7.4 Antenatal mother Occurring or present before birth; during pregnancy 1.7.5 Postnatal mother post meaning after and natalis meaning of birth- is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are acknowledged widely, opinions and recommendations are divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. We systematically reviewed available evidence concerning the effects on child health, growth, and development and on maternal health of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months vs. exclusive breastfeeding for 3-4 months followed by mixed breastfeeding (introduction of complementary liquid or solid foods with continued breastfeeding) to 6 months. Two independent literature searches were conducted, together comprising the following databases: MEDLINE (as of 1966), Index Medicus (prior to 1966), CINAHL, HealthSTAR, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE-Medicine, EMBASE-Psychology, Econlit, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, African Index Medicus, Lilacs (Latin American and Carribean literature), EBM Reviews-Best Evidence, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register quoted by Kramer MS , Kakumar R.( Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) Mothers often are uninformed about the health benefits of any amount of breastfeeding, their ability to continue breastfeeding while employed, and the convenience and cost differential of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding. Although there is a tendency in the literature to stress the time-intensive nature of breastfeeding, in fact it may require less time and attention than bottle-feeding (Barber-Madden, 1990). First, the promotion of breastfeeding without practical help and knowledge which led to many frustrated, unsuccessful breastfeeding attempts with subsequent backlash. Second, a much shorter hospital stay which does not provide adequate time for mothers milk to come in or for appropriate education and support. In Australia in 1993, a country which is known for its support of breastfeeding, the average hospital stay for vaginal delivery was still 5 to 7 days, and for C-section, 7 to 10 days. Australia also has the foresight to send home health visitors once the mother is discharged to offer further assistance and support. Third, the continued increase of women in the workplace, many times by necessity and not by choice, has influenced the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. A non supportive work environment makes breastfeeding difficult at best. Finally, the decline of breastfeeding has been assisted by the ambivalence of some health care professionals. This ambivalence is based on the lack of familiarity with current breastfeeding research, reliance on formula company nutritional information, and the very well meaning issue of not wanting to push breastfeeding because it might make the Mom who chooses artificial feeding feel guilty. Despite these initiatives, only 14.5 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below six months in 2006, . In addition, only 19.3 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below four months. Jaafar,2008 Compared with the findings of the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2 (1996), there was a significant decline of 9.7 % in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below four months and a concurrent rise in the prevalence of babies who were predominantly breastfed but given additional water. Analysis of the breastfeeding pattern showed generally that exclusive breastfeeding rates were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after the age of two to three months .It was also found after the age of two months, more than half of the breastfed babies were supplemented with infant formula and given other foods like commercial baby foods or home-cooked baby food while 20 percent of breastfed infants were supplemented with plain water.Few factors that contribute to early discontinuation of breastfeeding as follow : 2.1 Cultural Beliefs And Myths Of Breast Feeding The cultural beliefs, myths and ignorance have to be blame for the countrys poor breastfeeding performance. The myths that breastfed babies need water in addition to breast milk are wide spread in the country. Lack of knowledge and skill of mothers on when to start complementary food and how to maintain breastfeeding are other prohibitive factors, Complementary food, including water, should ONLY be introduced after the age of six months 2.2 Lacks Of Benefit And Facility Other factors according to Jaafar ( 2008 ) are the lack of benefits and facilities to promote and facilitate breastfeeding practices amongst women who also make up some half of the countrys working population. These include the absence of longer maternity leave, the lack of flexible working hours and missing childcare centers at work places. Breastfeeding patterns in Malaysia suggest that inadequate maternity leave may in fact be denying babies their right to mothers milk, and one of the reasons why only 1 in 7 infants were exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life in 2006. (Nadchatram ( 2008 ) According to Ministry of Health analysis of national breastfeeding data, exclusive breastfeeding rates in the country were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after two or three months, roughly the period when maternity leave ends and working mothers return to paid employment.   In Malaysia, women are entitled to 8 weeks (60 days) paid maternity leave, 6 weeks short of the recommended 14 weeks by the International Labour Organisations Maternity Protection Convention 2000 (No. 183). Malaysia is not a signatory of the Convention. 2.4 Not Enough Milk Hussain (2003) has revealed that other factor for early discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding is not enough milk .In his study,54% of the sample express that this is one of the reason. The reason for not having enough milk might be highly influenced by the mothers emotional and psychological well-being. Low levels of stress, healthy nutrition, plenty of fluid intake, emotional support and nipple stimulation through babys sucking are all important contributors to breastfeeding success. However, living circumstances often dont allow perfect breastfeeding conditions: another child in the family, the death of a loved one, money worries etc. all add to an increase in stress levels. Other factors such as breast surgery can contribute to low amounts of breast milk. It has also been found that more women who gave birth by caesarean section Encountered breastfeeding problems, this may have various reasons such as the initial separation between mother and baby or the physical pain as a result of the surgery which ultimately affects the mothers ability to enjoy the breastfeeding experience. Chen ( 2006 ),conclude in his research that breastfeeding-friendly policies can significantly affect breastfeeding behaviors. However, an unfavorable working environment, especially for fab workers, can make it difficult to implement breastfeeding measures. With health professionals emphasizing that the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, and as only females can perform lactation, it is vital that womens work productive role and family reproductive role be respected and accommodated by society. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. The length of maternity leave is positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding The International Labour Organization (ILO) recommends a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 week. However, the typical maternity leave in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries falls below these levels, only offering less than 12 weeks paid leave. In Taiwan, most companies provide only eight weeks of maternity leave. A national survey in 2005 showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Taiwan at one month postpartum was only 22.3%, and dropped to 16.7% at three month. To bring Taiwan in line with WHO guidelines, effective worksite strategies needed to be implemented to encourage new mothers to breastfeed in the workplace. 2.5 Levels of Influence and the Breastfeeding Decision 2.5.1 Health Professionals Roles Multiple studies indicate that health professionals support of breastfeeding is important in increasing breastfeeding rates (Lawrence, 1993, Winikoff Baer, 1980; Winikoff, Laukaran, Myers, Stone, 1986, 1987). Health professionals have made important promotion contributions, yet many health professionals who provide care to pregnant women and infants do not demonstrate explicit support of breastfeeding; nor do they have adequate knowledge about breastfeeding. In an American Academy of Pediatricians study, only 65 percent of pediatricians recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first month and only 37 percent recommended breastfeeding continue for the first year (Schanler, OConnor, Lawrence, 1999). Many women do not initiate breastfeeding because they know they will be returning to full-time employment that will entail separation from the baby. Perhaps they believe that they will not be able to continue breastfeeding once they return to work, and they adopt an attitude of Why start something I will not be able to continue? (Fein Roe, 1998). Furthermore, women who return to full-time work wean their infants earlier than other women. It has been found, however, that expecting to work part-time following the birth of a baby did not affect initiation of breastfeeding. Part-time work of four or fewer hours a day did not affect duration of breastfeeding. Part-time work for more than four hours per day affected duration of breastfeeding less than full-time work (Fein Roe, 1998). Because of economic necessity and the need for other benefits such as health insurance, many women cannot afford to work less than fulltime. When possible, however, delaying separation from the infant and reducing the amount of time mother and infant are separated during the infants first six months increases the likelihood that breastfeeding will be successful (Stuart-Macadam Dettwyler, 1995). In a qualitative study carried out by MacLaughlin and Strelnick (1984), many women suggested it would be helpful to receive breast-feeding information about combining breast-feeding with working and to have open discussions of the topic with other mothers. A survey of 567 women who breastfed while employed outside the home showed that the most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of the multiple demands to which they were responding. This aspect does not differ markedly from what is found for non-breastfeeding, working mothers (Auerbach Guss, 1984). About 60 per cent from 451 mothers who stopped breastfeeding, did so during the first postnatal month and another 20 per cent during the 2nd and 3rd month after the babies birth. The mothers age, education or parity, did not affect the rate of breastfeeding. Low birth weight, especially birth weight less than 2 kg, was a risk factor for early termination of breastfeeding. Caesarean delivery and hospitalization of the infant during the neonatal period was also associated with a higher rate of bottle feeding compared with newborns who had been delivered normally, discharged early, and nursed at home. Although breastfeeding rates are high, the finding that the majority of mothers who give up breastfeeding do so in the early weeks, calls for better support to all mothers by committed health personnel during the period when breastfeeding is being established, and for extra assistance to women whose infants are hospitalized or have a low birth weight (Shiva , 2003 ) 2.6 Advantages of breast milk to babies Breast milk is best for newborn baby, and the benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic nutrition. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect baby from illness. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (although any amount of breastfeeding is beneficial). And scientific studies have shown that breastfeeding is good for mothers health, too. Numerous studies from around the world have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis occur less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection. A study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who werent breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk. The main immune factor at work here is a substance called secretor immunoglobulin A (IgA) thats present in large amounts in colostrums, the first milk mothers body produces for the baby. (Secretors IgA is present in lower concentrations in mature breast milk.) The substance guards against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys intestines, nose, and throat. 2.7 Advantages to breastfeed mothers A study of more than 33,000 Danish women who had given birth between 1999 and 2002 evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on maternal weight at 6 and 18 months postpartum compared to reported pre pregnancy weight. The authors calculated that a Danish woman with normal or obese pre pregnancy weight who gained 11-12 kg during the pregnancy and exclusively breastfed her infant for 6 months would be back to her pre pregnancy weight by then. At 18 months postpartum, women who exclusively breastfed for 6 months and continued breastfeeding until their infant was 12 months of age had the lowest probability of retaining 5 or more kg of weight no matter how much weight they gained during the pregnancy (Baker, 2008) 2.8 Conceptual framework The research conceptual framework will be carried out as shown in the flow chart below. INTERGRATED WARD HOSPITAL TUANKU AMPUAN NAJIHAH POSTNATAL MOTHERS ANTENATAL MOTHERS QUESTIONAIRE RESULT ANTENATAL MOTHERS POSTNATAL MOTHERS CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction In this chapter the researcher will discuss the main aspect of the research methodology in detail. There are five aspects that consist of the research design, population, sampling and methods, study instruments, collection of data and limitation of study. 3.1 Study design The study uses a descriptive and quantitative method. The researcher will distributes the questionnaires to the respondents as the main instrument to collect data for the study. The collection and the analysis of data is done in two weeks. 3.2 Population and sample The population is all antenatal mothers who will be come for screening in the labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward in Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah. 3.3 Study subject All 15 antenatal mothers who will come for screening in integrated ward from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and 15 postnatal mothers discharge from labour room during the study period. . 3.4 Sample size calculation The sample size will be calculated so that the study has the capability to detect clinically importance difference as statistically significant. The sample size also will be calculated to estimate effect with stated precision. Only 30 cases will be selected as the sample. 3.5 Study participants 3.5.1 Inclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their second child and above that warded from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 3.5.2 Exclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their first baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 was not included in this study. 3.6 Data collection procedures 3.6.1 This study will be using questionnaires that will be given to the antenatal and postnatal mothers before and after the campaign. 3.6.2 Permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Hospital Director and the Chief Matron. An inform consent will also being obtained from the respondents ( Appendix II / Lampiran II). 3.6.3 Self Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) Self Administered Questionnaire will be used to determine the medical personal knowledge as shown in Appendix III / Lampiran III. 3.7 Sampling methodology Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population (Polit Hungler, 1999). In this study only 30 participants will be selected among the antenatal and postnatal mothers in HTAN from January till March in the year of study. The study was done with pilot test 10 antenatal and postnatal mother and the cronbachs alpha= 0.732 3.7.1 Statistical analysis The result of this study was based on the responses from 30 of the antenatal and postnatal mothers. The independent variables identified namely were designation. The data was analyzed and presented in percentage. 3.7.2 Research tools Data was collected by using structured questionnaire. See Appendix III and Appendix IV. 3.8 Expected results Antenatal mothers have the knowledge and understanding of the importance in exclusive breastfeeding. Antenatal mothers will be making decisions on exclusive breastfeeding before delivery. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS 4.0 Introduction In this chapter the collected data is analysed from the questionnaires given to the respondents. The demographic factors usually tested as it is often used as the inference study as it is easy to get and easily analysed the effect (Jack Fiorito et el 2007) . The first part is a demographic data about the respondents for example race, age , education level and their exclusive breastfeeding knowledge. 4.1 Characteristics of demographic respondents Section A Table 1 : Ethnic :- Antenatal mothers Antenatal mothers Post natal mothers Ethnic Number of respondents Percentage Number of respondents Percentage Total number Malay 11 73.3 % 13 86.7 % 24 Chinese 1 6.7 % 0% 1 Indian 3 20.0 % 2 13.3% 5 Referring to the table above, majority of the respondents are from the Malay ethnic which gives 73.3% for the antenatal mothers while the postnatal respondents gives 86.7%. The second higher percentage of ethnic comes from the Indians that give 20 %for the antenatal mothers and the postnatal mothers contributes 13.3 %. The least is the Chinese that gives only 6.7% that is only one respondent for the antenatal but none for the postnatal mothers.. As usual majority of the respondents are the Malays as most of them preferred to give birth in government hospitals comparing to the Chinese who prefer going to the private hospitals. Table 2 : Age of the respondents Age range Number of respondents for both ante and postnatal mothers Percentage 20 -25 years old 9 30.0% 26 30 years old 12 40.0 % 31 35 years old 6 20.0 % 36 40 years old 3 10.0% The age range for this study is done to get a better view to the majority of the ante and postnatal mothers involved. As shown in the table above the age range between 26 to 30 years of the antenatal and postnatal mothers gives the majority which contributes 40.0 %. The least comes from the age range of 36 to 40 years that gives only 10% which only 3 respondents involved. Table 3 ; Education Level Academic level Number of respondents Percentage Non- schooling 1 3.3 % Primary school 2 6.7% Secondary school 17 56.7% College/ University 10 33.3% As shown in the above table, the majority of the educational level comes from the secondary school level which contributes 56.7 % from all the respondents. This shows that this group of respondents have the great trust in the government hospital so does the college/ university level respondents that gives 33.3% of all. Table 4 : Occupation Occupation Number of respondents Percentage Housewife 17 56.7 % Self employed 4 13.3 % Government servant 5 16.7% Private sector 4 13.3% Referring to the above table, the housewife is the majority respondents in this study that carries 56.7% which is more than half of the respondents involved. The government servants contributes 16.7% while the self employed and the private sectors employees give the same percentage of 13.3% each. Table 5. : Exclusive breastfeeding prior knowledge YES NO Number Of respondents 25 5 Percentage 83.3% 16.7 % Referring to Table 5, 83.3% of the respondents have the prior knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding which means that they had the experience and knowledge to breastfeeding. Five respondents, contributing 16.7% had no knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. Table 6 : Number of child Number of child (conceiving/ give birth) Number of respondents Percentage 2 12 40% 3 11 36.7% 4 3 10% 5 2 6.6% 6 2 6.6% As shown in the table above , 12 respondents conceiving or giving birth to their second child that gives 40% of the study. 36.7% conceive or give birth to their third child, 10% or 3 respondents conceive or give birth to their 4th child and 6.6% contributed by respondents who conceive or give birth to their 5th and 6th child. SECTION B Knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding Question number 1